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Grandparents play an important role in intergenerational parenting, particularly in preserving cultural values within families and communities. Their presence in children’s lives provides direct access to experiences, knowledge, and tradit
Parenting patterns in Indonesia vary between rural and urban communities due to differences in social, economic, and environmental contexts. Rural areas are often characterized by close social relationships, strong communal values, and share
Globalization brings social and cultural changes that affect family lifestyles and perspectives. The flow of information, technology, and global popular culture enters the domestic sphere and shapes children’s experiences from an early age
The mother tongue plays an essential role as a primary medium of cultural transmission in child parenting. Through local languages, children not only learn systems of communication but also absorb values, norms, and worldviews that exist wit
The family serves as the primary agent in multicultural parenting and functions as the first space where children encounter cultural values. Within the family environment, children are introduced to language, beliefs, habits, and social norm
Child parenting practices in Papua are closely connected to the natural environment and the local community. The surrounding forests, rivers, and land are not only sources of livelihood but also serve as important contexts for children’s l
