The Indonesian government has recently announced plans to expand the scope of the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP) to include Early Childhood Education (PAUD) and Kindergarten (TK) by 2026. This decision stems from the

Bedtime rituals, though often overlooked, play a critical role in shaping emotional health during early childhood. In today’s fast-paced urban life, where parents and children spend much of their day apart, bedt

In a world where digital media surrounds us, children are absorbing messages about appearance, popularity, and success at increasingly younger ages. Even toddlers now see influencers, filters, and trends that subt

Father’s Day offers an opportunity to reflect on how paternal involvement shapes early childhood development. Traditionally, childcare has been seen as the mother’s domain, but today’s research proves otherw

Urbanization has reshaped how families nurture their young children, especially those with developmental differences. In modern cities such as Surabaya, where fast-paced lifestyles and high expectations often domina

Many urban families face the challenge of limited family time due to work demands. Yet, linguistic stimulation verbal interaction that develops language and communication is crucial during the