Local communities play an important role as cultural learning spaces for young children. The social environment surrounding children’s daily lives becomes an early context for introducing values, norms, and social practices within society. Throu

Grandparents play an important role in intergenerational parenting, particularly in preserving cultural values within families and communities. Their presence in children’s lives provides direct access to experiences, knowledge, and traditions t

Parenting patterns in Indonesia vary between rural and urban communities due to differences in social, economic, and environmental contexts. Rural areas are often characterized by close social relationships, strong communal values, and shared resp

Globalization brings social and cultural changes that affect family lifestyles and perspectives. The flow of information, technology, and global popular culture enters the domestic sphere and shapes children’s experiences from an early age. In t

The mother tongue plays an essential role as a primary medium of cultural transmission in child parenting. Through local languages, children not only learn systems of communication but also absorb values, norms, and worldviews that exist within th

The family serves as the primary agent in multicultural parenting and functions as the first space where children encounter cultural values. Within the family environment, children are introduced to language, beliefs, habits, and social norms that